portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">物料衡算的目的
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; text-indent: 0em;">通过物料衡算食品生产企业可以确定各品种主要原辅材料的portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 22.5px; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">采购量、运输量和仓库储存量portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; text-indent: 0em;">;包装材料的需要量和储存量,亦可对应确定生产各品种过程中所需设备的配置、员工数量、各类仓库的面积,以及生产过程中的加工用水、蒸汽等各类能耗的需要量等。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">物料衡算的依据
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; text-indent: 0em;">物料衡算的是以工厂的技术经济定额指标或经验数据为基础。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">这些基础数据取决于原料品种和成熟度、新鲜度、操作条件、生产流程、机械化程度等。一般来说,当食品企业是对老厂进行改造后的产品进行物料衡算时,一般按该厂原有的技术经济定额为计算依据;当食品企业是对新建厂房的产品进行物料衡算时,则以参考产品类型、加工条件等相似的食品企业为基础,结合新建厂房实际情况进行适当调整而得出。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">物料衡算的步骤和方法
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">物料衡算的计算,主要是根据物质平衡的原理,即总投入量与经过加工处理后所得成品和损耗量相平衡。加工过程中投入的原辅料按正值计算,物料损失以负值计入。这样就可以计算出原辅料的消耗量,绘制出物料平衡图。计算时多以“班”为基础。物料衡算的计算步骤大致可分为以下几步:
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">一、物料衡算示意图
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">按规定的工艺绘制物料衡算示意图。图中用箭头标出各物料的portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">进出方向、数量、组成及温度、压力等条件,并用符号标明待求物的未知量,绘出物料流向示意图。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">二、收集有关数据
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">收集有关portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">生产规模、生产班次及班产量、有关的消耗定额、得率、转化率等基础数据。必要时可参照同类产品的计算数据进行计算。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">三、选定计算基准
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">进行物料计算,选取生产过程中不起变化的一个量作为计算基准。一般新建食品厂的工艺设计都是以“班产量”为计算基准,以单位产品的原辅材料、包装材料耗用量进行计算。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">每班原料耗用量=单位产品原料耗用量×班产量
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">每班各辅助材料耗用量=单位产品辅助材料耗用量×班产量
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">每班包装材料耗用量=单位产品包装材料耗用量×班产量
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">每班外包装材料耗用量=单位产品外包装材料耗用量×班产量
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">若一个工厂生产多种产品,则可以先计算每一种产品用量后再进行汇总,进而确定各类仓库容量。进行物料衡算时,一般按下列通式进行计算:
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px;">∑Mportant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; vertical-align: sub; font-size: 15px;">入portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px;">=∑Mportant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; vertical-align: sub; font-size: 15px;">出portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px;">+∑Mportant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; vertical-align: sub; font-size: 15px;">损
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px;">四、整理计算结果
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">将物料衡算的结果加以整理,记入物料衡算表或绘制物料平衡表
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 192, 0);">1、物料平衡表
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">物料平衡表的格式可参考下表建立
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 18px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12px;"> 名称 portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12px;"> /计算单位 | portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 18px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12px;">原辅料 | portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 18px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12px;">产品 | |||||
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 18px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12px;">正常损失 | portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 18px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12px;">非正常损失 | ||||||
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 18px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12px;">质量百分比/% | |||||||
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 18px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12px;">质量/kg |
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">2、 物料平衡图
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">物料平衡图的内容包括物料名称、质量、流向、物料损失率、投料的顺序、产品质量等。图中以实线箭头表示物料主流向,细实线表示物料支流向。具体可参考最下方例子。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">物料衡算示例
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">现以班产量1000kg为基准,食品规格为20g的乳味饼干的简单例子,进行计算:
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">(1)其配方和各原辅料用量如下:
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">面粉用量:60%班产量=600kg
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">白砂糖:6%班产量=60kg
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">水:40%班产量=400kg
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">酵母:0.4%班产量=4kg
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">食用盐:5%班产量=50kg
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">植物油:3%班产量=30kg
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">乳粉:5%班产量=50kg
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">鸡蛋:3%班产量=30kg
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">注:此配方仅作计算示例用,不具有实际意义。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">(2)计算挤压、成型、焙烤的正常损失量
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">总投料量为:600+60+500+4+50+30+50+30=1224kg
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">正常损失比例=(总投料量-成品质量)/总投料量=(1224-1000)/1324≈17%
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">则生产1000kg饼干的正常损失量=正常损失比例×成品质量=17%×1000kg=170kg
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">注:在实际生产中还需考虑到正常操作过程损耗、废品和边角料等因素。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">(3)绘制饼干生产物料平衡图