7. 社交行为实验(social interaction)SuperMaze动物行为学视频分析系统 The subject is habituated to the test chamber and allowed to freely explore for a set time. A novel animal is placed in one of the two enclosures, and the percentage of time the mouse spends in the section with the novel animal is compared to the time spent in the section with the empty enclosure. In a later session, the time spent with the same animal might be compared to time spent with a newer, more novel animal. 8. 条件性位置偏爱(Conditioned Place Preference) 条件性位置偏爱实验(CPP)实验是目前评价药物精神依赖性的经典实验模型。该实验将实验动物(大鼠、小鼠)置于条件性位置偏爱箱的白色观察区,并给予精神依赖药物然后观察实验动物在条件性位置偏爱箱的黑色区和白色区的活动情况,白色区、黑色区以及其中的灰*之间有小门可供动物自由穿梭。动物每次处于给药区就会在药物奖赏性效应的作用下对黑色和白*域产生位置上的偏好,其程度与药物的精神依赖性相关。 A drug is injected and the subject is introduced to distinctive environment A. This procedure is repeated for several trials. During these conditioning trials the animal develops an association between the subjective state produced by the drug (often drugs that produce mood elevation or euphoria in humans) and the contextual cues present while the drug is active. To test the conditioning, the animal is placed in an apparatus with drug-related cues in one compartment and neutral cues in the other. nbsp; If conditioning occurred, the animal will move toward the compartment containing the drug-related cues.In a Conditioned Place Preference experiment, subjects are returned to an apparatus were they can freely move between a compartment in which they were conditioned with drug-related cues, and a compartment with neutral cues. If the conditioning was successful for positive, reinforcing drug states, they should spend more time in the compartment with drug-related cues。In a Conditioned Place Aversion experiment, subjects are returned to an apparatus were they can freely move between a compartment in which they were conditioned with an aversive stimulus, such as a shock; and a compartment with neutral cues. If the aversive conditioning was successful, they should spend more time in the compartment with neutral cues.9. 强迫游泳(force swim test)、悬尾实验(tail test)Since some mutations cause a deficit in swimming ability, the forced swim test can be used to demonstrate normal swimming and floating ability. The test is most frequently used to examine the "learned helplessness" response common in animal models of depression. The subject is suspended by the tail for a set interval the percentage of time the subject spends still versus moving is examined for evidence of the "learned helplessness" response common in models of depression.悬尾实验主要用于抗抑郁、镇静以及止痛类药物的研究。悬尾实验系统适用于大鼠、小鼠或其他实验室动物,通过固定动物尾部使其头向下悬挂,记录处于该环境的动物产生绝望的不动状态过程中的一系列参数。10. 条件性恐惧实验(fear conditioning)条件性恐惧分析用于小型啮齿类动物(大、小鼠)环境相关条件性恐惧实验研究。抗抑郁药和抗中枢兴奋药可以明显缩短不动状态持续的时间。实验过程中,实验对象被给与一个声音信号,随后给予电击刺激。该训练称为条件性训练,训练结束后实验动物进行声音信号或环境联系性实验。一般情况下啮齿类动物对相应的环境和不同环境下同样的声音信号都会做出明显的条件性恐惧反应,如静止不动。The Pavlovian Fear Conditioning task allows for the assessment of learning and memory regarding aversive events. The task allows for the simultaneous assessment of learning about simple, unimodal cues and learning about complex, multimodal stimuli such as context. Fear conditioning universally depends on the integrity of the amygdala, but context conditioning is sensitive to manipulations of the hippocampus. This task has been used extensively to demonstrate both genetically based impairments and enhancements in learning and memory.11. 震惊条件反射(startle and pre-pulse inhibition)
Basic Startle Response |
In basic startle, startle stimuli of various intensities are presented unexpectedly. Varying startle response and habituation are recorded. |
Pre-Pulse Inhibition |
In Pre-Pulse Inhibition (PPI), the startle stimulus is paired with a predictive cue. In normal subjects, the "pre-pulse" cue reduces the startle amplitude. This inhibition of the startle response is known as PPI. Humans and animal models of several disease states are known to have pre-pulse inhibition deficits, including schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, and PTSD. |
Fear-Potentiated Startle |
In Fear-Potentiated Startle, the subjects are trained to associate a neutral stimulus, such as a light cue, with an aversive stimulus. When the startle response is tested in the presence of the light cue, the startle amplitude should be potentiated, or increased. |
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